Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation

Patriotism Multiculturalism Nation Presentation: Nationalism and Multiculturalism†¦.. Ethno social pluralism is an unavoidable truth. Pretty much every state is ethnically as well as socially heterogeneous. Walker Connor broadly recommended that there were just seven models in the realm of states that met the patriot trial of one state for each country, one country for every state. Herder was the one authoring the word patriotism. He trusted in the uniqueness of each culture and the inconceivability of looking at changed societies on an outright size of significant worth. Present day Nationalism has different characteristics and variations: municipal, ethno-social and multicultural. We ought to get patriotism, at that point, as a regulating contention that presents virtue on national participation, and on the past and future presence of the country, and distinguishes the country with a specific country or part of the globe. Sweeney characterizes ‘three sorts of patriotism: state, community and ethnic; ethnic patriots who stress culture and plunge, municipal patriots who stress culture and domain yet not drop, state patriotism which attests the strength of a specific ethnicity. Urban nationalism†¦is increasingly lenient of decent variety, and is set apart by an acknowledgment of various ethnicities. He suggests that state patriotism, albeit an all around characterized class, has been relinquished by present day European states, leaving just a challenge between the staying two patriotisms. Simultaneously he alludes to the chance of another third patriotism that goes past the only municipal and lenient, when he presents the possibility of a patriotism that is set apart by multiculturalism. Along these lines, there may stay three sorts of patriotism: ethnic, community, and multicultural. Since patriotism is all around dug in the state-society structures, it is a verifiable factor in governmental issues where it makes singular steadfastness to an ethnic network, building the gathering personality and taking a shot at the activation for the advantages of the gathering interests. However, some of the time it influences the general public contrarily, this occurs if the majoritarian patriotism was challenged by a contending patriotism, the general public may observer bleeding forceful showdowns, for example, what used to occur in the middle of the Scottish and the British in the United Kingdom. That is the reason current history observes a huge scope death toll and property all over world for the sake of advancing patriotism. Then again, so far in a large portion of the writing, multiculturalism is considered as an arrangement structure instead of a type of patriotism. An approach to deal with the migrants populace, accomplishing joining while at the same time looking after personality. Subsequently, multiculturalism can be seen as both a strategy embraced in differently social orders and as the segment social status in these social orders. As a clear term it is utilized to portray social orders which have numerous unmistakable social gatherings for the most part because of movement. Multiculturalism as an open approach for overseeing social assorted variety in a multiethnic culture formally pushes common regard and resilience for social contrasts inside a countrys outskirts, underlining the extraordinary qualities of various societies particularly as they interface with each other inside these social orders. Workers should save their societies with the various societies, communicating calmly inside one country. A significant comment in such manner is the way that while all social orders today are socially heterogeneous, not every one of them are multicultural. I quote Bhikhu Parekh â€Å"Multiculturalism doesnt basically mean numerical majority of various societies, but instead a network which is making, ensuring, empowering spaces inside which various networks can develop at their pace. Simultaneously it implies making an open space in which these networks can communicate, enhance the current culture and make another consensual culture wherein they perceive impressions of their own identity.† Ralph Grillodistinguishes between powerless multiculturalism in which social decent variety is perceived in the private circle while a serious extent of digestion is anticipated from settlers and ethnic minorities in the open circle (law and government, the market, instruction and work) and solid multiculturalism set apart by institutional acknowledgment of social contrasts in the open circle including political portrayal and private one. The rising patterns in patriotism in certain nations point to the way that it is significantly more than only a lot of political standards for country building. Be that as it may, one miracles whether it is legitimate to name multiculturalism as a type of patriotism when numerous multicultural states can't maintain a strategic distance from a reaction from the larger part or totally fulfill the minority to the degree that the patriot vision is really received by the whole country. That is the reason to know whether patriotism can be multicultural, it is profoundly essential to examine the states reaction and its arrangements in regards to migrants and minorities inside multicultural social orders. By and large, no state is altogether impartial in mediating these patriot dreams. Utilization of coercive methods can be anticipated from any state while choosing to frame its patriot vision and this happens regardless of the nature the political framework. Taylor Strong demands that the patriot conclusion stays an indispensable piece of the political culture of a state. He saw the way of life as being unattached from the open area and that is the reason the state can not be unbiased on the grounds that it is in charge of the personality of the country. For him, this builds up the constraints of multiculturalism; when social personality is perceived at that point changed into an express, the way of life that are interior to this network can not be qualified for advantage from a similar right. Yet at the same time he accepts that each culture should safeguard its validness since the acknowledgment of the equivalent estimation of each culture will allow the open discussion between the various characters. Kernerman distinguishes that the fundamental issue behind multicultural patriotism is how to accomplish a harmony between the need to support decent variety and the need to accomplish solidarity with the significant inquiry of how are the different appearances of assorted variety to be perceived and comprehended according to each other and to the political network? Be that as it may, what is the situation of minorities inside multicultural social orders? What's more, how does the state manage them? How might we balance between national notions and consideration of migrants calmly in a plural society? The oddity of multicultural social orders: patriotism Vs. multiculturalism?! Inside multicultural social orders, individuals generally differ about how national solidarity is best accomplished and what it ought to resemble? Some interest equivalent treatment all things considered, paying little heed to their social, ethnic, racial, strict or different qualities since citizenship must be left undifferentiated and balanced. Citizenship ought to be contrast dazzle. Interestingly, others request types of separated citizenship where their disparities are perceived, yet additionally fused into the principles, techniques, and images of the political framework. That is the reason many related issues gain consideration of strategy producers in these social orders, for example, the extent of minority rights, and the under portrayal of minorities in discretionary legislative issues, the nonappearance of loyalty†¦. Yet, the restrictions stay: equivalent versus separated citizenship, singular rights versus aggregate rights, unprejudiced versus bunch based portrayal, etc. Inside multicultural social orders, patriotism is a site of polarization, driven by fundamentally unrelated understandings of which units of personality gatherings and people groups ought to rule in the aggregate comprehension of the political network. These people group/bunches have some origination of the parts and the entire, thus they work as indicated by their particular rationale of character. This shows how the state has a significant job in boosting the feeling of devotion and national personality among the various networks inside the general public. This job contrasts among states given diverse national narratives, legitimate structures, and inclinations for overseeing movement. Contemporary States which receives an integrative multicultural approach guarantee that their patriotism is metro instead of ethnic, underlining on their equivalent rights plan. In any case, inspite of that a few signs recommend that minorities may at present feel pariahs regardless of the equivalent rights and the community welcome. Parekh calls attention to: one may appreciate all the privileges of citizenship and be an officially equivalent individual from the network, but then feel an outcast who doesn't have a place. It relies on general society as much as on the Parliament and on political images, pictures, functions, aggregate self-comprehension and perspectives on national way of life as much as on equivalent rights enactment. No general public can continue as before when it concedes new individuals, rather every general public continually rethinks and reconstitutes itself in light of the rise of new ages who carry with them new thoughts, types of self-comprehension and methods of conduct. That is the reason migrants are viewed as a test. To fathom this, normal having a place need with be created by all states organizations. Normal having a place is a two-way process; workers can not have a place with the general public where they have decided to settle except if it is set up to invite them, and alternately it can not acknowledge them as full individuals except if they wish to have a place, with all what this involves. Regular having a place in this way must be accomplished if each gathering regards the particulars of the relationship and releases its commitments. That is the reason Inclusiveness is normally detailed in the illustration of two-way reconciliation. The first of the EU Common Basic Principles of Immigrant Integration Policy states: Integration is a dynamic, two-path procedure of shared accom

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay

It is obvious that advancement of development is regularly run as an undertaking. However, hypothetically both undertaking the executives and advancement contemplates have developed after some time as particularly separate controls. In this paper we make an endeavor to conceptualize the development venture the board and past just as fate of same. Thusly, we add to the beginning scholarly discussion on the transaction among development and undertaking the executives. This paper is worried about three subjects and the transaction between them, to be specific â€Å"Innovation†, â€Å"Research and Development (R&D)† and â€Å"Project Management†. The enthusiasm for these subjects has detonated as of late as they developed both on the arrangement plan and in the corporate systems. The commitment of mechanical development to national monetary development has been settled in the financial writing. Over the most recent few decades, new innovations, new enterprises, and new plans of action have controlled amazing increases in efficiency and GDP development. While initially there was an inclination to compare R&D and development, contemporary comprehension of advancement is a lot more extensive than simply R&D. Research and development is one segment of advancement exercises and information creation among others. Development rises as an unavoidable and complex power, not just in the cutting edge parts in cutting edge economies, yet in addition as a marvel existing in low-tech industry of creating, or making up for lost time economies. All things considered, the connection among R&D and advancement is regularly at the center of the development examines. By and by, we are seeing â€Å"projectification† of the world as a developing number of pros sort out their work in ventures as opposed to on-going useful premise. The association among R&D and task the executives has a long history. Most apparatuses of task the board have been created from the administration of R&D, regularly with military purposes (Lorell, 1995). The most striking case of overseeing R&D extends in the open part is the PRINCE2 technique (UK OGC, 2005). Because of the previously mentioned contrast among R&D and development, R&D undertakings ought to be recognized from advancement extends as well. Advancement is a non-direct procedure, not really innovation drove and may not really result from formal R&D speculations. Development is the investigation and abuse of new thoughts and recombination of existing information in the quest for supported upper hand. Moreover, both advancement and R&D extends by their inclination contrast from customary activities. In this manner, there is a need to look at the Innovation Project Management (IPM) as an unmistakable zone of overseeing advancement in ventures, utilizing the apparatuses and techniques for the task the executives. The Evolution of Project Management Theory The beginning of the thoughts that prompted the advancement of present day venture the executives can seemingly be followed back to the protestant reorganization of the fifteenth century. The Protestants and later the Puritans presented various thoughts including ‘reductionism’, ‘individualism’ and the ‘protestant work ethic’ (PWE) that reverberate firmly in the soul of current task the board. Reductionism centers around expelling pointless components of a procedure or ‘ceremony’ and afterward separating the procedure into its littlest errand or unit to ‘understand’ how it functions. Independence accept we are dynamic, autonomous operators who can oversee chances and make thoughts. These thoughts are made into ‘real things’ by social activities dependent upon the accessibility of a language to depict them. The PWE centers around the inborn estimation of work. Before the protestant reconstruction a great many people saw work either as an important abhorrence, or as an unfortunate chore. For Protestants, serving God remembered taking an interest for and taking a stab at common exercises as this was a piece of God’s reason for every person. From the point of view of the advancement of present day venture the board, these thoughts were fused into two key methods of reasoning, Liberalism and Newtonianism. Progressivism incorporated the thoughts of private enterprise (Adam Smith), the division of work, and that an innovative way of life would prompt well off social orders Newton considered the to be as an agreeable instrument constrained by a ‘universal law’. Applying logical perceptions to parts of the entire would permit comprehension and bits of knowledge to happen and in the end a total comprehension. Writing REVIEW In this paper we try to build up spans between two unmistakable controls †venture the board and advancement the board (development examines). Regardless of apparently interrelated nature of the two subjects, these two research areas have been growing generally disengaged from one another. Development Studies Advancement examines are established in the fundamental composition of Joseph Schumpeter during the 1920s-1930s (e. g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose thoughts began to pick up ubiquity during the 1960s, as the general enthusiasm among policymakers and researchers in mechanical change, R&D and development expanded. The field shaped as a particular scholarly control from the 1980s. Researchers like Richard Nelson, Chris Freeman, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Giovanni Dosi, Jan Fagerberg, Bart Verspagen, Eric von Hippel and others have molded and framed this order. The fundamental distributions in the territory incorporate, entomb alia, Freeman (1982), Freeman and Soete (1997), Lundvall (1992), Nelson and Winter (1977, 1982), von Hippel (1988). Concerning meaning of advancement †a general accord has been accomplished among development researchers who extensively comprehend this wonder as a change of information into new items, procedures and administrations. A top to bottom audit of the development writing is past the extent of this paper (allude to Fagerberg (2004) for such investigation). We will probably layout principle headings of research. In an ongoing paper, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) give a complete investigation of the subjective and authoritative attributes of the rising field of development examines and think about its possibilities and difficulties. The creators follow development and elements of the field. Mirroring the unpredictable idea of advancement, the field of development considers joins different scholarly trains. For models, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) characterize four fundamental bunches of advancement researchers. They are â€Å"Management† (bunch 1), â€Å"Schumpeter Crowd† (group 2), â€Å"Geography and Policy† (bunch 3. 1), Periphery† (group 3. 2) and â€Å"Industrial Economics† (bunch 4). For the reasons for our investigation we will have a more critical gander at the â€Å"Management† group, since it is here where the association among development and Project Management can be found. Actually â€Å"Management† is the littlest group inside the whole system of advancement researchers, comprising of just 22 researchers, essentially sociologists and the executives researchers, with a land inclination towards the USA. This modest number of researchers (22) is in sharp diverge from the greatest bunches ? â€Å"Geography and Policy† (298 researchers) or â€Å"Schumpeter Crowd† (309). As far as distribution inclinations, aside from Research Policy, the most loved diary for development researchers, individuals from â€Å"Management† bunch consider the executives to be as the most significant distributing outlets, especially Journal of Product Innovation Management, Management Science and Strategic Management Journal. Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009, p. 29) see a solid connection among development and the executives and give an after portrayal: â€Å"Management is somewhat a cross-disciplinary field as a matter of course and firm-level advancement falls normally inside its portfolio. †¦. So between advancement studies and the board there unmistakably is some regular ground†. Undertaking Management The venture the board as a human movement has a long history; e. g. develop ment of Egyptian pyramids in 2000 BC might be viewed as a task movement. In any case, the beginning for the advanced Project Management time, as a particular research zone, was during the 1950s. Maylor (2005) decides three significant phases of the PM recorded turn of events. Prior to the 1950s, the PM as such was not perceived. During the 1950s, apparatuses and strategies were created to help the administration of complex ventures. The prevailing reasoning depended on â€Å"one best way† approach, in light of numerical strategies. The third stage, from the 1990s onwards is portrayed by the changing condition in which ventures happen. It is increasingly more understood that a task the executives approach ought to be dependent upon its specific situation. It is likewise noticed that a move is seen after some time being developed of venture the board †from center around sole task the executives to the more extensive administration of activities and key undertaking the executives (Fangel, 1993; Morris, 1994; Bryde, 2003). Mirroring these adjustments in the administrative practices, the collection of scholastic writing on PM has advanced and prospered. Global Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journals turned into the leader distribution outlets for PM researchers and experts. An enormous number of (administrative) handbooks sketching out the strategies and methods of PM have been distributed, e. g. Andersen et al (2004), Bruijn et al (2004) Kerzner (2005), Maylor (2005), Meredith and Mantel (2006), Muller (2009), Roberts (2007), Turner (1999), Turner and Turner (2008). In spite of a developing number of distributions, there is no brought together hypothetical premise and there is no bound together hypothesis of undertaking the executives, because of its multidisciplinary nature (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Task the executives has a more applied nature than other administration disciplines. Despite the fact that the PM has shaped as an unmistakable research field, there is no all inclusive, for the most part acknowledged meaning of a venture and

Blog Archive Study Health Enterprise Management at Northwestern Kellogg

Blog Archive Study Health Enterprise Management at Northwestern Kellogg An often unsung  program at Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management is the school’s  Health Enterprise Management program,  and a “star” within this program is  the  Global Health Initiative  (GHI)â€"co-founded by former Kellogg professor (now the university’s provost) Daniel Diermeier, with several students in leadership and advisory rolesâ€"in which academics, students, corporations, and nonprofits create products that solve medical problems around the world. As evidence of the program’s profile,  in 2006, the GHI received a $4.9M grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop diagnostic devices capable of identifying the HIV virus. Another impressive experiential offering is the multidisciplinary “NUVention: Medical Innovation” lab class, which brings together industry leaders, top faculty members, and students from several of Northwestern’s graduate schools (Law, Engineering, Medicine, and Business). In this two-term course, students experience the “entire innovation and entrepreneurial life cycle” from a variety of perspectives: scientific, legal, and entrepreneurial/managerial. Students even shadow surgeons and observe clinicians to facilitate their own brainstorming sessions for an innovative productâ€"an actual product is created and presented to potential investors. Clearly, Kellogg  provides students interested in health care with an opportunity to roll up their sleeves and get their hands dirty (and then sanitize them after, of course). Share ThisTweet Business School Northwestern University (Kellogg)

A Brief Note On The Federal Minimum Wage - 959 Words

American is also known as the â€Å"land of opportunities†, however, does opportunities can be very hard to accomplish for immigrants since these opportunities also comes with barriers and problems. These problems include but not limited are language barrier, finding housing and more important getting a job. I can absolutely relate to all these barriers. For the same reason, when I started my search for an ethnography topic, I knew I wanted to do something based on the problems that immigrants faced in order to success in the United States. The concept studied in this ethnography was minimum wage work, since most immigrants especially oldest due are literally forced to take any job in the United States especially those that are minimum wage. Minimum wage is the lowest possible wage that an employer is legally permitted to pay his or her employees. The U.S federal minimum wage was first established in 1938 as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) has risen from 25 cents t o $7.25 per hour in 2009. (CITEATION) With today’s minimum wage at the current rate you must work one hour to earn the seven dollars and twenty-five cents that can only supply you with small needs for everyday living. Most of non-speakers immigrants’ householders are working in low payment jobs and most of our working population lives in poverty. On this paper I’m also going to illustrate what it is to have a job that is not wanted and on top of it getting paid at minimum wage. Observations for thisShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Raising the Federal Minimum Wage1334 Words   |  6 PagesPicture this: You are a single parent of two, you work 40 hours a week plus occasional overtime at a minimum wage paying job, you struggle to put food on the table to feed your family, and then you receive a call from the bank saying that your home is being foreclosed. This is the situation faced by thousands of Americans every year due to low income and wealth inequality. The federal minimum wage (FMW) as of April 2014 is $7.25, which is not enough to keep a family of two above the poverty line.Read MoreImmigration and Its Benefits Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthough does an immigrant force a native-born citizen to lose his/her job? The opposition states that it is by immigrants accepting wages that the native-born population simply find unacceptable for the amount of work desired. However, everyone is very familiar with the concept of minimum wage, which states, a legal worker cannot be paid less than the set federal minimum wage (in a majority of circumstances, setting aside illegal immigration). This particular piece of legislature (FLSA) should preventRead MoreThe Benefits of a High Immigrant Population Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesMain Arguments The benefits of a high immigrant population are apparent in almost every walk of life. Their overall contribution to the general economy is show as a positive one and there improvements to the quality of the workforce are also quite note-worthy. First, let us turn our eyes to something that is indisputable in economics. Even among those who claim that immigration isnt beneficial still have to accept the fact that overall the United States gross domestic product (G.D.P) increasesRead MoreRelief, Recovery, Regulation - the New Deal1341 Words   |  6 Pagesagricultural products and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities. It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy of the growing loss through foreclosure of our small homes and our farms. It can be helped by insistence that the Federal, State, and local governments act forthwith on the demand that their cost be drastically reduced. It can be helped by the unifying of relief activities which today are often scattered, uneconomical, and unequal. It can be helped by national planningRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Not Be Paid Essay1910 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1938 congress instituted minimum wage with 25 cents an hour being the first wage. After 78 y ears seven dollars has been the increase of minimum wage, stated by the article listed on, Heritage.org . Every year the cost of living and surviving in this country increases. You would think after 78 years, minimum wage would not be at $7.25. Many college students work part-time jobs that pays minimum wage to have some extra cash in their pockets or pay a few minor bills. Having a part time job is perfectlyRead MoreThe Supreme Court Had To Ultimately Determine Whether Or1464 Words   |  6 PagesSupreme Court had to ultimately determine whether or not the Bakeshop Act of 1895 violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause. After two days of oral arguments, the Supreme Court voted 5 to 4, in favor of Lochner. Hall and Patrick (2006) notes that Justice John Marshall Harlan was initially attached to writing the opinion of the court. However, Justice Harlan was unable to maintain a majority and, as a result, Justice Rufus Peckham wrote the majority opinion (70). Follow ing the shift, theRead MoreMinimum Wage6018 Words   |  25 PagesHistory of the Minimum Wage  · 1938 -- The minimum wage was first enacted into law as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938. The original minimum wage applied to workers engaged in interstate commerce and the production of goods for interstate commerce. In 1938, this applied to roughly 11.0 million workers out of a total of 54.9 million workers. The minimum wage was set at $0.25 per hour.  · 1961 -- Amendments to the minimum wage law extend coverage primarily to employees in largeRead MorePurchase And Refinance Loan Guide For The Self Employed1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe Purchase and Refinance Loan Guide for the Self-Employed A Brief History in Time Mortgage lending has made some dramatic changes over the past few years and when you include the period beginning in 2000, there have some rather wild swings regarding loan approvals. Mortgage lenders often change lending guidelines to more accommodate consumer demand or to open up a brand new market yet these loans come and go as lenders decide to lend more or lend less. Sometimes it’s the market itself that determinesRead MoreEssay on Wegmans Regional Grocery Store2640 Words   |  11 Pages BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY Wegmans is a regional grocery store chain that has built its reputation as a ?one stop? shopping experience. In this grocery store you can pick up your prescription, order dinner in the market cafe, rent a video for the night and pick up your dry cleaning. Wegmans mantra ?Every day you get our best? is truly what they, as a company, strive to accomplish. From the inception of the first Wegmans store in Rochester, New York during 1930, this family owned company has positionedRead MoreEssay Unanswered Questions about Welfare Reform2747 Words   |  11 Pages62 year-old federal entitlement, President Clinton put a limit on how long one can receive federal welfare assistance (Casse 36). Yet, this so called reform is not that at all. The government doesn’t see what happens to ex-welfare recipients after they are released from the program, and the youth of our country is catching the wrath of the reform. There are so many questions left unanswered about the reform.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new welfare reform act put limit on how long one can receive federal assistance

Whats Correct, Undocumented or Illegal Immigrant

When someone resides in the United States without having filled out the requisite immigration paperwork, that person has immigrated to the United States illegally. So why is it preferable to not use the term illegal immigrant? Good Reasons to Avoid the Term Illegal Immigrant Illegal is uselessly vague. (Youre under arrest. Whats the charge? You did something illegal.)Illegal immigrant is dehumanizing. Murderers, rapists, and child molesters are all legal persons who have committed illegal acts; but an otherwise law-abiding resident who doesnt have immigration paperwork is defined as an illegal person. This disparity should offend everyone on its own merits, but theres also a legal, constitutional problem with defining someone as an illegal person.Its contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment, which affirms that neither the federal government nor state governments may deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. An undocumented immigrant has violated immigration requirements, but is still a legal person under the law, as is anyone under the jurisdiction of the law. The equal protection clause was written to prevent state governments from defining any human being as anything less than a legal person. On the other hand, undocumented immigrant is a very useful phrase. Why? Because it clearly states the offense in question: An undocumented immigrant is someone who resides in a country without proper documentation. The relative legality of this act may vary from country to country, but the nature of the offense (to whatever extent it is an offense) is made clear. Other Terms to Avoid Other terms it is preferable  to avoid using in place of undocumented immigrants: Illegal aliens. A more pejorative form of illegal immigrant. The word alien can be used to refer to a non-naturalized immigrant, but it also arrives with the context of its dictionary definition: unfamiliar and disturbing or distasteful.Undocumented workers. I use this term often to refer specifically to undocumented workers, especially in a labor context, but it is not a synonym for undocumented immigrants. When it is used as such, it is often from people who belong to a school of thought that says that undocumented immigrants should be accepted into this country because they are hardworking. The vast majority are (they have no choice; people who cross borders to make less than minimum wage tend to be), but there are undocumented immigrants who do not fall into this category, such as children, the elderly, and the severely disabled, and they, too, need advocates.Migrant workers. A migrant worker is simply someone who regularly travels in search of short-term or seasonal work. Many m igrant workers are documented (quite a few are natural-born citizens), and many undocumented immigrants are not migrant workers. The migrant workers movement certainly overlaps with the immigrants rights movement, but it is not the same movement.

The American Dream - 1927 Words

The American Dream: Is it fact or fiction? In the United States’ Declaration of Independence, the founding fathers set forth the idea of an American Dream by providing the American people with the recognizable phrase â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (USHistory.org). The green light at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s dock symbolizes Jay Gatsby’s â€Å"pursuit of Happiness† in the novel, The Great Gatsby, set in the 1920s on Long Island, New York (Fitzgerald, F. Scott). The American Dream is defined as â€Å"the belief that anyone, regardless of where they were born or what class they were born into, can attain their own version of success in a society where upward mobility is possible for everyone. The American Dream is achieved through†¦show more content†¦At this point in American history, the American Dream was intended for white property owners, but as time passed, the American Dream evolved into a reality for those who wo uld strive to obtain it (Amadeo, Kimberly). Throughout each generation, the American Dream has become a more complex idea. President Abraham Lincoln extended the possibility of the American Dream to slaves through the Emancipation Proclamation. Likewise, by supporting the 19th Amendment, President Woodrow Wilson gave women the right to vote, broadening the dream to more than the male population. Furthermore, President Lyndon Johnson promoted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, expanding the American Dream beyond the discrimination of race, religion, and natural origin. Finally, as President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt declared the idea of pursuing an education, obtaining a well paying job, securing home ownership, and access to good health care as the American Dream. Arguably, almost every president made a contribution to the idea of the American Dream, but these specific presidents helped shape the universal idea, making it attainable for those that want to stri ve for the American Dream. There is no longer discrimination of race, color, or religion associatedShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Role of Project Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the role of Project Management in Today's Business World. Answer: Before understanding the importance of Project Management in the industry, there is a need to know about the meaning of Project Management. Project Management is a widely used term, which includes several methods, techniques, strategies and processes and the major aim of these processes is same, i.e. to minimize the chances of failure or loss of any project. It is an art of managing a project and its outcomes in order to produce finished goods and services. There are different ways in which a project can be accessed and the manner in which it is implemented is the project management. The process of project management includes many activities, like; identification of requirements, development of obvious and attainable goals, matching the demands of different stakeholders and making sure that cohesion of objective is attained (Kerzner, 2013). In todays world, Project Management is an important factor that determines the success of an organization. In an organization, project management provides a valuable and highly effective process that assists to recognize and focus on the priorities, track and evaluate the performance and overcome the issues and challenges (Larson and Gray, 2013). It is important because one of its major objectives is to compress and to make short the product life cycle. For example, there is a retailer organization, which is using project management in its operations, i.e. Sheng Siong. There are several reasons, why project management is important in todays business world. These reasons are given below; Managing Risks Each and every project of organization has many risks, as the nature of a business is taking different risks. The business strategy of each business has a risk, so there is a need of managing the risks. So, the process of project management in organization recognizes, assesses, controls the risks. Sheng Siong is using project management in risk assessment and management (Majeed, 2012). Managing quality Quality is an important aspect for any organization, especially; a retailer like; Sheng Siong. This quality defines the value of products of company. Sheng Siong has to maintain the quality and value of its products to increase its customer base. In this process, the project management plays an important role in identifying, managing and controlling the quality of products. N an organization, quality management is the responsibility of project manager (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). The project manager considers three important concepts, like; continuous improvement, customer satisfaction and prevention on inspection. Thus, the project management plays a vital role in total quality management. Managing Integration In an organization, there is a need of managing the integration. The business projects do not run in a vacuum. They required being integrated with the processes and systems of businesses. For example, at Sheng Siong, they cannot build a sales system which does not incorporate with the sales process. It would not create and add the value. So, the project management assesses and manages the integration. Resolving issues There are so many issues of business, which an organization faces in its life cycle. These are the problems, which should be managed and controlled to attain the predetermined organizational objectives. Project management may play a critical role in clearing these business issues, like; technical issues, business process issues, resource issues and issues related to third party, like; suppliers, vendors and other outside party (Majeed, 2012). This can help the organization in tracking the issues and assign right person to resolve these problems. Change Management In addition to these benefits, the project management also deals with the change management. It also assists an organization in managing the changes related to business, customers and environment. It can help the people in enhancing the management skills according to new tasks and responsibilities. Using and retaining the knowledge Moreover, this is also an area, where project management is important. Projects in the organizations produce the knowledge. Knowledge shows a critical asset for most of the businesses (Mar, 2012). Implementing the process of project management makes sure that knowledge is taken and managed. The above-mentioned points can help in understanding the role of project management in todays business world. Thus, project management is important in the organizations of all sizes. As the businessmen and company managers deal with the daily tasks and responsibilities for managing a company, it is significant to assign skillful and dedicated project managers to look at the projects from beginning to completion. References Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Majeed, M, 2012, Why is Project Management Important in Business Industry?, Retrieved from https://project-management.com/why-is-project-management-important-in-business-industry/.Mar, A, 2012, Why Project Management Important, retrieved from https://management.simplicable.com/management/new/why-project-management-is-important.Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217

A Very American Revolution Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Very American Revolution Essay, Research Paper The American Revolution The American Revolution, the struggle by which the American settlers won their independency from Great Britain and created the United States of America, was an turbulence of profound significance in universe history. It occurred in the 2nd half of the eighteenth century, in an # 8220 ; Age of Democratic Revolution, # 8221 ; when philosophers and political theoreticians in Europe were critically analyzing the establishments of their ain societies and the impressions that lay behind them. Yet the American Revolution foremost put to the trial thoughts and theories that had seldom if of all time been worked out in pattern in the Old World # 8211 ; separation of church and province, sovereignty of the people, written fundamental laws, and effectual cheques and balances in authorities The American Revolution as we know it was non a conventional revolution. There was no alteration in societal hierarchy as in Russia when the Czar was overthrown, or aggregate violent deaths of the nobility as in France s revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on A Very American Revolution Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Given, there were the occasional rabble torching of a affluent Tory s place, but on the whole, it was really small like any other revolution in old history. In this manner, the American Revolution was alone unto itself. It was absolutely different than the conventional revolution. It could about be called an rational rebellion. The fact that The true revolution lies in the Black Marias and heads of all Americans. ( John Adams ) is the key to understanding why the American Revolution may non needfully look to be a revolution in footings of guns and decease, but in footings of enlightenment, and the thirst for freedom, there has been no more ardent war fought. One such illustration of devotedness to the American cause is that of Long Bill Scott. Looking over his achievements, one can non assist but see the gallantry, and the forfeit that this one adult male made for his state. He leaves his kids and married woman in order to put on the line his life in a war that would protect, and farther the ideals that he held beloved, those of life, autonomy, and the chase of felicity. This ardor may look confined to the really extremist revolutionists, but upon looking at the child-rearing patterns of the clip, one can see that qi ldren were engrained with American political orientation at a really immature age by their female parent in a procedure called republican maternity. Witness John Adam s brother ; at the age of eight sneak out of the house and March with radical soldiers. This is non simply immature energy, it is the passionate devotedness to further those principles that were taught to him by his female parent. Another of import issue that influenced, and was changed in the class of the Revolution was that of the common adult male. Under England s Torahs, the poorer, lower societal category was for the most portion repressed by the affluent upper category. Affluent landholders controlled much power, while helot or people populating on the land were forced to accept the upper categories regulations. This was changed during the Revolution. The poorer category were no longer forced to postpone to the upper category for political leading ; they wanted to govern themselves. And they did, get rid ofing with kingly-appointed governors, and replacing them with elected functionaries from their ain province. The whole construct of democracy spread like wildfire and shortly all of the provinces were in a capitalist craze. Even such issues as adult females s rights and instruction were toyed with during and after the revolution, something that had neer been attempted before. Work force and adult females began to see each other as more equal, and therefore, more American. Bondage was besides briefly repealed in some provinces. While this did non last, it is a good illustration of the spirit of the revolution, an unprecedented explosion of human rights, autonomy, and chase of felicity. But more key was the construct of the authorities. The American government system can be called a mix-and-match of many authoritiess through clip, including Greek, Roman, and English. Americans introduced the thoughts of cheques and balances tailored to suit a turning state, and formed a written fundamental law that spelled out the power, and the restrictions of the regnant authorities. Indeed, the American Revolution was non merely alone, but extraordinary. It was a battle for freedom, a war fought in order that people may develop on their ain. The Revolution was earth-shaking, and it laid the footing for many other turbulences throughout history, and radically changed America everlastingly.

Pronouncing the Spanish L

Pronouncing the Spanish L You may not have noticed, but the L in English has two sounds that are quite different from each other - and if you can remember that, you can easily learn the sound of the L in Spanish. The two L sounds occur in the word little - and the sound of the Spanish L is basically the same as the first L but not the second (a sound, by the way, that native Spanish speakers often find quite difficult). In other words, the Spanish L is always pronounced with the tongue at the front of the roof of the mouth similar to the L in words such as love and alike. It is never pronounced with the vowel-like sound found in words such as ball or cell. Phrases used by native speakers in our audio lesson on pronouncing the L are lo siento mucho, hola,  ¿quà © tal? and igualmente, gracias. The pronunciation of the L should not be confused with that of the LL, which used to be a separate letter of the alphabet.

Long question answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Long question answer - Essay Example Here, some of the differences between the terms recruitment and selection are being enumerated which are very basic and initial in nature, for the purpose of the betterment and the clear understanding of the line managers. One of the foremost differences between the recruitment and selection is that of the nature of the processes. The former is a positive process which includes the calling of all the applicants or candidates for the job opening or employment and the latter is a negative process which includes the choosing of the suitable or appropriate candidate or applicant for the job opening. But some further light should be shed on the differences between recruitment and selection. The term recruiting means the process of finding the suitable candidates for a specific job. The criteria are given in the advert or the recruiting agency or the HR office or any other place. All the persons that meet the criteria of the respective advert are able to recruit themselves with the employment agency or what ever the source may be. There is no discretion of the administration of the respective agency or the source, in terms of hiring or not hiring the person who meets the criteria defined for the recruitment. Therefore, if a person meets the criteria of recruitment then, the manager or even the high administration cannot stop him from being hired. The condition is that he meets the criteria perfectly and is not disqualified otherwise. The most common example of the recruitments is the Army of any country. Let us take the example of U.S military. Once a person has cleared all the tests and the physical training programs, which are criteria for the recruitment of military, no one can stop him from being a part of the U.S military. It is hoped that the concept of recruitment is clear to some extent. Some light is now shed on the other term, known as selection. Selection is referred to as the opposite of recruitment in some cases. Most

The Modern Industrial Development and the Relationship of Human Being Research Paper

The Modern Industrial Development and the Relationship of Human Being With Nature - Research Paper Example Around the 1980s the term ‘sustainability’ is often used by professionals to refer to the notion of development in a merely technical sense. Theoretically, it includes the conditions of â€Å"meeting human needs, or maintaining economic growth or conserving natural capital, or about all three†. Agriculture, economics, livelihoods or whatever the features that modern society embodies are intertwined with the nature, natural resources and its ecological balance, as Michael Pollan, in his book, ‘the Omnivore’s Dilemma† attempts to infer that man like no other creature on earth is depended on a nature for his biological requirements (Pollan, 91). For Sneddon ‘sustainability’ is a term that is to be associated with the concept of sustainable development, as he says, â€Å"Both ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainability’ are at root normative concepts, describing visions of how human activities and ecological processes might be reconciled for the ‘good’ of both†. Indeed Sneddon is prone to view the concept as â€Å"to development, to societies, to livelihoods and to a host of additional social, economic and ecological activities†. The concept of â€Å"Sustainability† is a multifaceted one that includes a holistic definition in modern context. But it renders different definitions depending upon different contexts: ecological, social, and economic and in modern industrial age, eco-industrial. The idea of Eco-industrial sustainability includes a reconciliatory view of industrialization and ecology.

English Premier League and their Asian focus Essay Example for Free

English Premier League and their Asian focus Essay Club football is now truly globalised. Clubs are no more small community based which are known in that locality, they are now huge organisations owned by the richest businessmen’s of the world. The transfer spend of each club is increasing at a mind boggling pace. Every year clubs are breaking their transfer record fees. The increase in this expenditure has led to clubs being debt laden, with some of the biggest clubs in the world having debts which in normal business prudence would be suicidal. Thus the need for new revenue streams. Thus English premier league clubs set out all over the world to find out new revenue streams, and thus they found and fell in love with Asia. Asia is unique because though they themselves fare poorly in FIFA rankings and have rarely ruled the football world, their passion for football is second to none. In fact there are more followers and fans of English premier league football clubs in Asia than in England. The high growth rate in Asian countries has also resulted in people desiring for more. Thus in certain parts of South East Asia, weekends means EPL and Beer. But Why EPL Why not Serie A, Bundesliga or the la liga The reasons are many. While now La liga biggies Real Madrid and Barcelona have equal presence in Asian market, but still as a whole there is more EPL presence. First is Tv rights and Tv timing. The match timings in Asian countries are rarely real late nights or early mornings. The match timings are convenient. Though mostly it is the English premier league clubs and Football association’s ability to get into the Asian market early. Now every year during the season break in England there is a tournament called the premier league Asia trophy. In 2013 it was won by the runners up of EPL, Manchester City. The ever increasing value of TV rights deals for the EPL in Asia, an area with vast growth potential given the regions enormous and upwardly mobile population. On their trips to Asia, clubs charge appearance fees to play friendly games, and benefit from sales of official merchandise. And they trade on their popularity by signing sponsorship deals involving everything from banks and credit cards to beer, telecoms, airlines, and even tomato juice. The growth prospect is immense and they have just started. The threat though lies with the other big European leagues who are slowly  starting to focus more and more on Asia. Bayern Munich, Barcelona, Real Madrid, Ac Milan etc are now increasing their presence in Asia in a bullish manner. Even these countries themselves are getting better in football and have their own club system. Other sports like baseball and basketball also pose a serious threat. Though all said and done Asian love affair of English clubs is still on the growth stage and the potential is immense. As the premier league chief executive Richard Scudamore himself told, Our global fan base is just short of a billion, and half of those are here in Asia, so it (Asia) is a hugely important part of what we do,

Marilyn Monroe Essay -- Biography Biographies

Marilyn Monroe Norma Jean Baker was born on June 1st 1926. She said that she came from an unhappy and deprived childhood. Galdys was Norma's mother. She had two children with Jack Baker (Norma's father) while still very young. Her father died in a car accident soon after she was born and at the age of 26 Galdys remarried to Edward Mortenson. Edward didn't want children but Galdys did so she divorced him. Soon after that Galdys couldn't take care of Norma anymore so she gave her up for adoption. In an interview Norma said that her grandmother tried to "mother" her with a pillow and how she was forced to do the dishes (at age 5) in an orphanage and that she was abused in one of the families that she was adopted by, and the fact that she was raped by a policeman. On June 19th 1942- two weeks after her 16th birthday Norma Jean married to James E. Dougherty. The marriage lasted for 4 years and by the time the divorce was granted she was well- known as "Marilyn Monroe". The name "Marilyn Monroe" came from the Broadway musical actress, Marilyn and she got Monroe from her grandmother. In July 1942- during the war there was a great demand for pin-up pictures for the soldiers. One of the soldiers took plenty pictures of Marilyn but they were never printed, he said that they were lost in the mail. So Marilyn went to Blue Book Modeling and studio Agency and was put to work immediately. This is when it all went big for her. By this time she was about 19 years old. She starte...

Effects Of National Culture Essay

Since 1988, our world has changed in a myriad of ways. As dictatorships have risen and fallen and new democracies have formed, the political culture of our society is much different than in the years of the late Cold War. In addition to political changes, new technologies, including the world wide web and satellite communications have allowed people in different nations to communicate much more effectively. This research in this paper is very outdated, not taking into account the new market, trade laws, interest rates, or other economical factors of today’s international business world. The article, â€Å"The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode,† was written in 1988 by Bruce Kogut and Harbir Singh, of the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of Pennsylvania, respectively. The authors believed there were several means of entry into foreign markets, including joint ventures, wholly owned greenfield (start up) investments, and by acquisition. The authors examined these methods in depth and analyzed the means by which the businesses not only started up, but operated in foreign markets as well. The authors reviewed statistics, data, and literature, and formed hypothesis as to which methods were being used most, and in what industrial sector(s). The first means that some businesses entered and operated in a foreign country is through the acquisitions method. The acquisitions method entails purchasing a sufficient amount of stock to control the primary shares of a certain company. This method might be considered â€Å"buying out† a foreign company already in existence. However, as currency exchange rates and interest rates fluctuate on a daily basis, this would be trickier in today’s market. For example, 20 years ago, the dollar, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, and the Indian Rupee were worth very different amounts. More importantly, the Euro was not in use, as many of the countries in Eastern Europe in particular, were under communist control. Today, as countries have become more aware of these fluctuating rates, it might be harder or riskier to enter a market through the acquisitions method. In addition, free trade laws and regulations also regulate who can buy what and how much in a foreign market. The second means is a joint venture method in which two or more firms share the assets and profits of a certain company. Again, the same problems might exist as in the acquisitions method, with fluctuating currency exchange rates affecting profit. For example, if a business operated in both China and the United States, as economies changed and foreign tax laws changed, the company could fall under financial strain. The influence of firm experience on entry choice has played a prominent role in several of the studies employing the Harvard Multinational Enterprise Data Base. In their pioneering study on the ownership structure of American multinational firms, Stopford and Wells [1972] found joint ventures, relative to wholly owned activities, were less likely to be chosen, the more central the product to the core business of the firm and more experience the firm had in the relevant country. Similarly, they found that marketing and advertising intensity, as well as research and development intensity, discouraged the use of joint ventures. (Kogut & Singh 1988) This mindset would make sense, as it is hard to run a successful business in one culture, let alone worry about marketing, advertising, and research costs. It also would make sense that two countries might not respond the exact same way to a business plan and marketing techniques. The third means of entry is a greenfield, or start-up, investment, completely new to the foreign market. While some of the challenges of tax laws, currency exchange, and interest rates would also affect this means, the biggest obstacle might be the cultural barriers. Although the world is getting smaller each day thanks to the internet and satellite communications, hundreds of languages and dialects are still spoken throughout the world. This might lead to a communications problem if a foreigner attempted a greenfield investment. Besides language barriers, marketing and advertising techniques would need to be researched in order to be effective in a new country. The authors argue that joint venture is almost a cross between the two other methods, greenfield, and acquisitions. Many studies, as discussed later, have treated greenfield and acquisition as representing alternative entry modes, with joint ventures being only a question of the degree of ownership. This approach implies that entry and ownership involve two sequential decisions, the first deciding whether to invest in new facilities or to acquire existing ones, the second one on how ownership should be shared. Whereas such an approach is clearly defensible on both theoretical and empirical grounds, we treat joint ventures as a choice made simultaneously with other alternative modes of entry. (Kogut & Singh 1988) For this reason, joint ventures can be described as a gray area in foreign business acquisitions. For example, if a company bought out another one, or merged with another company, while retaining some of the business practices and/or staff, it would probably be considered a joint venture. The authors theorize that Greenfield entry is the best way, or at least that was what they believed in 1988. Due to the difficulty of integrating an already existing foreign management, cultural differences are likely to be especially important in the case of an acquisition. Indeed, empirical studies on mostly domestic acquisitions have shown that post-acquisition costs are substantial and are influenced by what Jemison and Sitkin [1986] call the organizational fit of the two firms. They define organizational fit as â€Å"the match between administrative practices, cultural practices, and personal characteristics of the target and parent firms† (Jemison and Sitkin 1986, p. 1471. Sales and Mirvis [1984] document in detail the administrative conflicts following an acquisition when both firms differ strongly in their corporate cultures. In contrast to the integration costs of an acquisition, a joint venture serves frequently the purpose of assigning management tasks to local partners who are better able to manage the local labor force and relationships with suppliers, buyers, and governments [Franko 1971; Stopford and Wells 1972]. Thus, a joint venture resolves the foreign partner’s problems ensuing from cultural factors, though at the cost of sharing control and ownership. Unquestionably, a joint venture is affected by the cultural distance between the partners. But such conflict should not obscure the original motivation to choose a joint venture because the-initial alternative of integrating an acquisition appeared more disruptive than delegating management tasks to a local partner. Of course, a joint venture may be troubled not only by the cultural distance of the partners, but also due to concerns over sharing proprietary assets. A wholly owned greenfield investment avoids both the costs of integration and conflict over sharing proprietary assets by imposing the management style of the investing firm on the start-up while preserving full ownership. (Kogut & Singh 1988) In 2008, businesses would face some of the same challenges as in 1988, such as the cost of integration, conflict of sharing proprietary assets, and administrative and management differences. However, as more and more businesses have gone global, most countries would have contracts and lawyers defining clear parameters on such details. The authors came to this conclusion by testing two hypothesis. The first focused on cultural differences. Kogut & singh (1988) said that, â€Å"The greater the cultural distance when the country of the investing firm and the country of entry, the more likely a firm will choose a joint venture or wholly owned greenfield over an acquisition. † This hypothesis primarily focused on the costs of running and managing a business from a greater distance. The second hypothesis as stated by Kogut & Singh (1988) stated that, â€Å"The greater the culture of the investing firm is characterized by uncertainty avoidance regarding organizational practices, the more likely that firm will choose a joint venture or wholly owned greenfield over an acquisition. † As with all unknowns, a foreign company could not be expected to know the exact way a business and marketing plan would be executed and responded to in a foreign market. Basically, the data found that uncertainty was the main reason companies tended to shy away from acquisitions and enter the market through a greenfield or joint venture method. This reason would still hold true today as the world market fluctuates and recessions come and go. The studies also noted that the methods of entry into a particular market varied depending on the product, service, or industry. There is a clear difference in industry patterns among the modes of entry. Joint ventures are relatively more frequent in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and electric and nonelectric machinery. Acquisitions occur primarily in natural resources, financial services, and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Chemical and electrical machinery are especially attractive industries for greenfield investments. At a higher level of aggregation, acquisitions tend to be relatively more common than other modes of entry in nonmanufacturing sectors of the economy. (Kogut & Singh 1988) The article, since it was written 20 years ago, analyzed data primarily from the industrial sectors of resource, paper, chemical, petroleum, metal, rubber, machinery, electrical, transportation, and instrumentation. It had some analysis of data in communications, wholesale, financial, and other services. Now, in 2008, the list would include a lot of new data for technology, automobile, computers, and pharmaceuticals, to name a few. The list would also be inclusive of customer service outsourcing, a practice common among many technology and computer companies. Furthermore, new sanctions have been imposed on some natural resources. It may not be possible, for example, for a foreign company to come in and control an oil field, a diamond mine, or a rainforest. Such companies might be required to work jointly with a company in the nation they wish to do business, thus keeping it a joint venture somewhat. In 2008, any analysis of entry into foreign markets would also mention the oil trade, and the complexities that accompany it. As the recent conflict in Iraq has shown us, cultural differences and political challenges may hamper easy trade and setting up business in a middle eastern country. In the next few years, as new automobiles are developed to hopefully not be as oil-dependent, the market will change yet again. Another difference in automobiles are the influx of foreign cars to the United States, and the continual race to develop the most fuel-efficient car amongst competitors throughout the world. The article analyzed data primarily from the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. It found differences based on these countries. Again, there are strong differences among the modes of entry. For Japan, 46 of its 114 entries are joint ventures. Whereas Japanese acquisitions are not common, Japanese firms have a high proportion of the wholly owned Greenfield investments. Scandinavia and, especially France, also lean towards joint ventures. United Kingdom represents the other extreme; 111 of its 141 entriesare acquisitions, with the remainder evenly divided between joint ventures and greenfield. (Kogut & Singh 1988) Twenty years ago, the European Union was not in existence and many Eastern European Countries were under communist rule, thus meaning they had very different laws, regulations, and business practices than they do today. The Euro was not yet a currency, so trading and doing business amongst European nations was also very different. Also, the article makes little mention of a very new powerful force in the global market: China. As China has made tremendous economic and technological gains in this decade, it has begun to not only dominate the world market, but also branch out and do business in foreign countries. This relationship is reciprocal as European and American businesses are also looking to enter the Chinese market at the same time. Another item the article looked at which is very different today than 20 years ago is the size of businesses. They sought to understand whether or not larger businesses entered a market usually one way, while smaller businesses did something else. Obviously, while larger firms may have had more resources to acquire, smaller firms may have had the flexibility to do so more frequently. It stands to reason that the larger the investing firm, the greater its ability to acquire. Despite the logic, the empirical evidence is mixed. Dubin [1975] found that smaller firms tended to acquire relatively more frequently than large firms, though he did not control for other factors. In his cross-sectional tests, Wilson (1980) confirmed Dubin’s findings. However, these studies drew upon entry data of the largest corporations of the United States and other European countries. Caves and Mehra [I9861 study did not restrict their attention to entries of the larger corporations. Their results showed that the size of the entering firm is positively and significantly related to entry by acquisition over greenfield. Because acquisitions require generally more financial and managerial resources than joint ventures, size of the foreign firm’s assets should be positively correlated with the tendency to acquire. Conversely, acquisitions are discouraged, the larger the assets of the American partner, target firm, or investment size. (Kogut & Singh 1988) In 2008, this may or not be the same, as firms in certain industries may have grown and merged, while others may have decreased in size and split up into more specific companies. Also, the lending practices and investment practices are different today than they were 20 years ago, so a company may have more ways through which to acquire start-up capital necessary for operating in a foreign market. The article also examined why certain companies may enter a foreign market. Twenty years ago, not all countries possessed the technology, skills, or resources needed for some businesses. This caused companies to enter foreign markets to get what they were lacking in their own country. The previous empirical studies have assumed, however, foreign entry was usually for the purpose of market access or low cost manufacturing. Clearly, foreign entry into the United States may be motivated in order to source technology or purchase brand labels. The more diverse motives of investing in the American economy make it more difficult to sign the structural variables. For example, firms from R&D-intensive industries might joint venture if they possess the requisite technologies but lack the marketing depth. Or they may tend to acquire if they are investing for technology sourcing. Similarly, firms from marketing-intensive industries might engage in a joint venture if they possess the brand label but lack other resources along the value-added chain. Or they may acquire if they are investing for market penetration and lack label recognition. Stopford and Wells [1972] found that American firms pursuing an advertising-intensive strategy tend to full ownership of their overseas subsidiaries. Their data is drawn, however, from a time when American firms were investing overseas with clear strategic advantages. For our study, it is equally likely that foreign firms are investing in the United States for technology and brand label acquisition as for the exploitation of their proprietary assets. No prediction is made, therefore, on the signs of the coefficients for R&D and Advertising. (Kogut & Singh 1988). In 2008, as natural resources have been discovered in other parts of the world and new technologies have emerged, countries that were formerly primarily importers are not exporters, and countries that primarily exported, now import more from elsewhere. As the playing field changes every year, it’s important to note that countries will be continuing to search for the next best place or resource to help grow their company. Also, thanks to the internet and a computer-savvy generation, it is possible that some countries will not need outside help advertising or marketing, or with brand-name recognition. If the article were to be re-written today, obviously new data would need to be collected reflecting the changes of the last 20 years, including new industrial sectors, new companies, and more countries. The researchers would need to also differentiate between a few things. First, they would need to look at a specific industry, because, as they stated, the means of entry vary greatly depending on the industry. For example, one might enter a foreign banking market very different than had they entered a foreign market strictly to utilize their natural resources or labour force. Also, the article did not look enough at the cultural aspect of the business world. It would be remiss not to notice that there are some cultures who object to foreigners doing business in their country and would not respond to foreign business plans. For example, the United States and European nations might successfully acquire or start a business in China or Japan, yet not be as successful in a Middle Eastern Country. In conclusion, considering the article is over 20 years old, and the data was even older, the authors did a great job of analyzing data and investigating business trends and foreign market entry modes. It provides a great insight into the past and the mindset of the times, before new trade laws, instant communication, and most importantly, new products and services used by people worldwide. As societies change every day, as third world countries become first world, and new drugs are developed to cure a myriad of conditions, the only certainty is that 20 years from now, we will be in a very different business world as a result of our actions today. REFERENCES Caves, Richard. E. 1982. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis Cambridge, U. K. : Cambridge University Press. Dubin, Michael. 1975. Foreign acquisitions and the spread of the multinational fi. D. B. A. thesis, Jemison, D. B. & S. B. Sitkin. 1986. Corporate acquisitons: A process perspective, Academy of Management. Kogut, Bruce, and Harbir Singh. 1988. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. The Journal of International Business Studies k S. Mehra. 1986. Entry of foreign multinationals into U. S. manufacturing industries. In M. Porter, ed. , Competition in global industries. Boston: Harvard Business School. Sales, A. L. & P. H. Mirvis. 1984. When cultures collide: hues in acquisition. In Managing organizational Stepford, J. & L. Wells. 1972. Managing the multinational enterprise: Organization of the firm and ownership. New York: Basic Books.

School Violence Among Male Students Essay - 4213 Words

Introduction: The topic that I will be discussing is school violence among male students. School violence is a major problem in the United Sates, and it is becoming more common. I chose to apply the anomie perspective because I believe that there is a connection between school violence and the absence of social control. According to the anomie perspective, â€Å"Society is not a flat collection of equally resourceful and fortunate individuals. It is constructed in a complex hierarchy where people are discriminatively positioned with differential access to power, status, capital, and opportunities† (page 1). Some people are more fortunate than others. Travis Hirschi is one of the advocates of the control theory, which is similar tho the anomie perspective. In the book Deviant Behavior, Thio, Taylor, and Schwarts state, â€Å"Travis Hirschi assumes that all of us are endowed like animals with the ability to commit deviant acts. 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